In gastrointestinal research, a 2017 rat colitis and ischemia-reperfusion study by Duzel and colleagues in World Journal of Gastroenterology reported that a single 10 g/kg topical bath of BPC-157 to blood-deprived colon segments produced near-complete mucosal preservation by day 10, restored vessel-arcade interconnections, and normalized MDA and NO levels relative to saline controls though the abstract does not report numeric % lesion reduction or p-values
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The mechanisms include reduction of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, enhanced neurotrophic factor expression supporting neuronal survival, angiogenesis improving blood flow, and modulation of dopamine and serotonin systems
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(2017), Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology , reviewed both topical and oral glutathione studies for skin lightening, concluding that effects are generally modest and reversible upon discontinuation